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Passed by Congress September 25, 1789. Ratified December 15, 1791. The first 10 amendments form the Bill of Rights

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Text of the Amendment

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

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Interpretations & Debate

Read scholarly interpretations of the Ninth Amendment from the National Constitution Center, where constitutional scholars across the political spectrum debate its meaning and application.

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Source

Adapted from the National Constitution Center, which provides the canonical text and scholarly interpretations of the Ninth Amendment.